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June 16 2008


This site and the - next - book do NOT be a fount of notices but an ENCYCLOPEDIC gather of different subjects:
one another to be read time by time, or better to be CONSULTED even for learning, and so this Web site will always be maintained under speedy and diligently revised construction: 
On the matter of fact people had to lament hindrances on looking through this site, and asked to be better orientated. To favour this need the site's map changed: as first sight one can begin from a simplified page opening wide the whole indexed files, both the Italian and the English and plurilingual ones, eventually before looking at the file prefacing the English pages, future first chapter of the English book. Any way the site is continually up-graded: to be carefully informed also on the past more significant ones it is suitable to go to the dedicated file Novelties on the site.
To read a book - a real book on paper, sewn and bound - is easier than reading long files on-line: in a little while the English pages of this site - as has already been done for the Italian ones - will be PUBLISHED, PRINTED and SOLD  in book-stores - as a NORMAL BOOK as is already the Italian book from this site Bambini di ieri = adulti di oggi. Adulti di oggi -> adulti di domani

BookSurgeTo read and link the well organized directory of the files/chapters go to the new file Book index as well for Web site as for book to be next on printing byAs the Italian pages of this site, also the English ones will be printed in a COMMON BOOK: From children of YESTERDAY to adults of TOMORROW a "normal" volume. (The book is print-ready in the BookSurge system and is available for purchase on www.BookSurge.com, www.Amazon.com, www.Abebooks.com and in www.Alibris.com also on Kindle. The book's listing will appear on www.BooksinPrint.com and in www.GlobalBooksinPrint.com.)




All links and quotations are continally refreshed: supported by SEVENtwentyfour.com

Italian book cover





Internal index:

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          adults of TOMORROW...

The meaning of the arrow on the site and book title suggests three messages:
it could be a sign of help. of direction or also a hint to "against"

This English file/chapter Domestic chores. Ergonomic and psychology of a TRUE work does not mirror exactly the Italian one Le FACCENDE DOMESTICHE.Ergonomia e psicologia di un VERO lavoro, completed by Legislazione e infortuni. Incidenti domestici since provided with different and even more first hand quotations, pictures, references and links: look to better settle all subjects at the subchapters #accidents#Italian_women#men. Any way both files/chapters are validated and completed by the parallel - English and Italian: also both not completely mirroring each another - What is ‘ Emotional Labour’? and Che cos’è il ‘lavoro emozionale’? files/chapters - giving a theoretical improvement coming from another - socioeconomic - point of view.
Any way every subject regarding children and moreover children development is strictly related to parenthood and rearing, family and motherhood: so it is mandatory to strictly confront this file/chapter with all those regarding "children" - to begin by Childhood: times of mutability. But here also "work" as itself and its basics - implying the vital reality of body related "complexes" - are the subject matters: thus to better understand this topic it should be "uncoiled" by more general explanatory concepts, it is to say to read this file/chapter together with the "sublimations" one -
Sublimations: visual schemes and scientific explanation.

lavorincasa.it/interno/interno8

There's a difference between working hard and working smart, 
between being busy and being productive.

Housekeeping ain't no joke: Louisa May Alcott . Little Women. 1868

(A British woman could say that American women have to do it all,
 
while English women settle for muddling through)

In 1995, the United Nations estimated that the "invisible" unpaid work done by women around the world would be worth 11 trillion dollars at fair market value.

.. getting the housee in order involves a lot of small things...
the kind of things that
can get me to become compulsive.

WORK

The - Italian - book DOMESTIC CHORES Ergonomics and psychology of a REAL work changed into a new edition the volume published on 1974 by Nuova Italia titled I complessi della casalinga (The housewife's complexes), coming out now under the more appropriate Italian title Le faccende domestiche. Ergonomia e psicologia di un VERO lavoro, (Domestic chores. Ergonomics and psychology of a TRUE work). This book had its natural mirroring complement in the more recent volume Infanzia: tempo di mutamenti (Childhood: times of mutability): both in fact contribute to open a structural analysis centered on the basic concepts of initial phases - the former from the point of view of adult people, of grown-up life and above all of grown-up WORK; the latter from the point of view of children approaching on growing-up (see Consciousness and memory). But together they constitutes a whole, an integral part of an UNIFIED logic validating the fateful concept of BEGINNINGS, of subsequent passages, of developing phases, of PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE: of scientific concepts centered on "organizers" and on "cones of expansion" that mutually integrate and interact. Domestic chores deals with the subsequent part of the process: but it too starts from a ORIGINAL infantile context, on unremitting texture where, like individual lives, also human activities can evolve starting from concrete, corporeal, “little” and perhaps even “infantine” features, no matter how this beginnings can be the start points to unroll towards more elaborate, “sublimated” and powerful forms of participation in associated life - stretching even to creative, far-reaching performances. (See the indexes of both books, and see also a schematic outline to these passages in the link from bodily to abstract, printed in the Italian book on page 40).
Through the eyes of developing individual, as suggested by the title itself, Infanzia: tempi di mutamenti describes and clarifies the situations of personal physiological changes in differentiation either realized or perturbed (it is to point out this menacing possibility that the previous edition was edited as contribution of a Round Table focused on every kind of Violence against the child).
In their specular presentation both books tend to help to consider all human occurrences already underway: activities, not only life, as a wide range of developmenting paradigms that follow each other and connect in precise passages - diversified, but neither casual nor disorganized, rather regular, inevitable and consequential. Children from sons and daughters  develop on "parents" and "citizens"; chores dedicated to act in short-sighted "to do" - seemingly to be self repeating and continually the same rerunning time of the QUOTIDIAN - are notwithstanding the basis of every way to work: till simplest temporary labours to reach also attainment of far-reaching future significance, even "immortal", as art.
The Italian title mentions a TRUE work, together with the derived participle from a Latin verb faccende, meaning simply to be done, things to do which could be referred to every type of WORK or rather to a series of works, jobs and/or professions. In fact isn't significant the plural form of this derived noun at plural from a verbal Latin origin, in Italian: faccende, in English: chores
Whatever that may be, whether seen separately or in their complexity, the "things to do", the things "to be done daily", are neither irrelevant nor trivial activities; neither are they so obvious as to be considered an ending in themselves. The current title of the book speaks of a TRUE - capital letters - work: in fact not only human children and developing living beings but also adult activities, as well as every kind of work, have their initial founding bases biologically programmed with the main complexes acting as organizers: in full analogy - not only as metaphor - with the embryogenesis' biological Spemann-Mangold organizer. (The name organizer centre or organizer was given by Spemann to the formative stimuli which are exerted from one part of the embryo to another. For this discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1935).
From such bases, diversifiable sequences depart: but they can unroll up and open, or get entangled in each step between the concrete to the sublimated (and vice versa). All these processes don't have a "program" related only to the growing of the body: they accompany step by step the full path of every life. They can either expand in broadening evolution towards increasing abilities and potentialities in order to reach true RIPENESS, or they cannot develop, rather they can embroil, narrowing a muddled life-stream; they can greatly enrich, but they can also contract and block capacities and resources. Besides also in term of advancing spaces and times they can worse, and worse: coercing evolution even into environmental damage and personal ailments, with menacing consequences for future generations.

First of all considering the PSYCHOLOGICAL side, one must say that this work and these chores advance to actions and shape situations drawing directly from nearby bio-psychological INITIAL NORMAL DEVELOPMENT of normal infantile complexes (they too in the PLURAL) also to be seen in their multiform and apparently contradictory becoming. In effect already the complementary volume Infanzia: tempi di mutamenti by the title itself awards the relevance of the dishomogeneity of these fundamental TRANSITIONS (i.e.: in fact transitions that lay the foundations) and aims to stress the importance of their starting and becoming: analytically explaining their appearance and development, detail by detail. 
Ergonomics, discussed in the present volume, studies work more than people: "domestic chores" with their multiform and multifaceted actions and reality can be followed in their operative details, furthermore presented as basic constitutive elements of several, different activities: their traces can be recognized as PROTOTYPES of several manual WORKS, of several qualified JOBS and of several, at times even theoretical and abstract, PROFESSIONS. 

Summarizing three are the KEY concepts in this book for completing the parallel between personal and generational development, between "persons" and "activities":

1) HOUSE WORK is at the basis of every kind of adult's task, since in domestic chores one could find the very basic subjective foundations of many kind of work, job, craft, toil and even business; and all this in different ways according to different people's customs or every life-styles. (An American tv commercial reported that if life is messy, clean it up British women say that American women have to do it all while English women settle for muddling through)
2) Any way everyone, EACH OF US, both women and men is its PROTAGONIST, each of us takes part in it, even if living as single. Each of us can be for the time being either a working "home-holder", or cohabitant, a patron and/or customer of the home-holder: every one is notwithstanding a member of a "home" one of the more fundamental socio-economic units.
3) Better still: everyone is - for ever! - a SON / DAUGHTER, while developing or of age, even after the parents' death; even if developed as orphan only dreaming a parental home.
So to sum up, this book regards the consequences to grown-ups of their own phases of development, and alongside, also explains how they can help - and not OBSTRUCT - the restless, even if precisely cadenced thriving of the new generation.
So everyone can read in-depth the parts of the book she/he judges more interesting, but I suggest EVERYBODY to read the last chapter of the - Italian - book:
Children of YESTERDAY = today's adults. Today's adults->adults of TOMORROW

PERSONAL WELFARE and ACCIDENTS AT HOME

INTERNATIONAL ERGONOMIC ASSOCIATIONDOMESTIC CHORES. Ergonomy and psychology of a REAL work: so tells the title of this book, pointing out that this organized - real - work is an assortment of many different activities, each one requiring different skills, each one performing a basic PARADIGM of other increasingly "important"  more general and wider work, jobs, professions, even businesses and arts.
All real WORK (or even the lack of work) is an essential component in the life of NORMAL ADULTS, and it plays a basic role in the psychosomatic situation of EACH INDIVIDUAL acting as: 
    •  a main WELFARE factor; 
    •  a cause of danger, fatigue, disease and in some cases even of death: look at the subject concerning work-accidents)
    •  a factor to be integrated in the physical, psychic, existential homeostasis.
    • an enterprise whose aims are to PRODUCE
    • an organization appointed to have CONSEQUENCES either useful or even harmful
A forceful good nature turns work into play: warm and fuzzy feelings of helpfulness well up like melted water in spring, creating glorious long riverbeds that impel toward helping at every turn.

But usually one cannot simultaneously master changing various attitudes and capacities: one cannot be at the same time a qualified professional or a unique artist; the owner and the manager of a concern or a diplomatic go-between; an accountant and an interpreter; a secretary and a cashier; an eclectic "jolly" and a precise robot: and all this in different ways according to customs of each people or each family life-style. 
Difficult to master all this? But house-work requests more than all these kinds of performance: not only are housework duties multiform, in the way of doing things, but also things to be done and ambits themselves vary greatly. Moreover: if the place where one lives is HOME for everyone, for the home-holder is something different: it is in reality almost always an "holding", that is to say a place of WORK, an organization, a factory of where one is at the same time OWNER, MANAGER, EMPLOYEE, and LABORER.
At home the home-holder not only must all times act at these different "chores", she/he is yet compelled to manage every home living being in ways corresponding to each one: performing different tasks together with each relating character, with changing personal stage of life, with personal also offhand occurences, even to choose among other ones' true or pretended needs, to watch at everyone welfare.

pot and handle
"evil" tools


Why then to put a pot with its handle on the wrong position? Why to get floors and carpets slippery? Why not to protect windows when there are at home little children or old people? What a fake "heroism" is to use ladders as mountain climbing show, or - simpler - to have staircase not well discernible? How to manage electricity, fire even water? How to cleanse windows and balconies?

Chronicle of Saturday May 5 2007:
in a city of less than a million inhabitants as is Turin, 6 (six) children every day, it is to say every year 2400 (two thousand four hundred) children of less than five years old are to be taken at a First Aid for domestic accidents....
In the Italian Web files and in Italian book the subject of Domestic accidents is more widely shared: beyond the file/chapter regarding Domestic chores (almost mirroring this one) another file/chapter is particularly dedicated to the serious problem of Accidents at home, presenting peculiar Italian laws and Italian Organizations against and for them. The variability of International laws and the different milieus of readers lets as more consistent only to allude at the crucial points of this emergence: a true danger surely worrying for the large unrelenting rate of DEATHS not only of damages and wounds. Any way a mockery perhaps is more noteworthy than pedantic explanation, so dummy and exaggerate overemphasizing caricatures can be more persuasive to signify just the contrary of a joke: not "implements" by themselves are "monsters" but it is the unconcerned or rather meaningless behavior of absent minded users which transforms normal utensils into malignant and harmful enemies. To make this question painless but at the same time more trenchant, this sub-chapter just proposes cartoons sharing domestic tools becoming threatening monsters, also suggesting a book displaying a similar - half satirical - point of view: The Design of Everyday Things by Donald A. Norman.
slippery carpetelectric accident


Do you need to know how many children fall down stairs or how many people aged over 65 have skateboarding accidents each year?
Welcome to RoSPA's home and leisure accident web pages. For the first time home and leisure accident data is available for you to search independently. Data is provided for the years 2000 to 2002, taken from a representative sample of hospital attendances around the UK. National estimated figures are given.
Here you will find more detailed information on the Home and Leisure Accident Surveillance web database.
RoSPA provides this service under contract to the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). All data was collected and collated by the DTI. Therefore we regret that RoSPA cannot accept responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or content of the information provided. Click Proceed to find out more about the RoSPA web database.
Home and Leisure Accident statistics
You are about to carry out a query using the Home and Leisure Accident Surveillance (HASS/LASS) web database. Before you go ahead, please read the following important information, and then click Proceed.
This database is a simplified version of the full DTI HASS/LASS database. It enables you to search for basic statistics, but does not give you access to case study information. The web database allows you to browse a list of articles, locations, injuries, etc, and formulate your query by combining the listed items. Some choices may be restricted to ensure you receive accurate statistics. The database will provide you with the number of accident victims for your chosen query during the years 2000, 2001 and 2002. Please read our help pages for further assistance, or contact RoSPA’s Information Centre. Infocentre staff will be happy to guide you through the search process, or carry out complex queries using the full DTI HASS/LASS database.

Community-based interventions for the prevention of burns and scalds in children
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD004335. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004335.pub2.
There are a very limited number of research studies allowing conclusions to be drawn about the effectiveness of community-based injury prevention programmes to prevent burns and scalds in children. There is a pressing need to evaluate high-quality community-based intervention programmes based on efficacious counter-measures to reduce burns and scalds in children. It is important that a framework for considering the problem of burns/scalds in children from a prevention perspective be articulated, and that an evidence-based suite of interventions be combined to create programme guidelines suitable for implementation in communities throughout the world.
Burns and scalds are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Successful counter-measures to prevent burn and scald-related injury have been identified. However, evidence indicating the successful roll-out of these counter-measures into the wider community is lacking. Community-based interventions in the form of multi-strategy, multi-focused programmes are hypothesised to result in a reduction in population-wide injury rates. This review tests this hypothesis with regards to burn and scald injury in children.
Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of community-based interventions, defined as coordinated, multi-strategy initiatives, for reducing burns and scalds in children in children aged 0-14 years.

Modification of the home environment for the reduction of injuries
Injury in the home is extremely common, accounting for around a third of all injuries. The majority of injuries of children under five and people aged 75 and over, occur at home. Multifactorial injury prevention interventions have been shown to reduce injuries in the home. However, few studies have focused specifically on the impact of physical adaptations to the home environment and the effectiveness of such interventions needs to be ascertained.
Objectives: To review the evidence for the effect on injuries of modification of the home environment with a primary focus on interventions to reduce physical hazards.
RA Lyons, LV Sander, AL Weightman, J Patterson, SA Lannon S Jones, B Rolfe, A Kemp, A Johansen
Cochrane Databse Syst Rev 2003

CRISIS AND FAMILY

The house is above all a place to live in, which means that it is felt an authentic expansion of the self: hence phenomena and problems which may seem inherent to the physical and biological part of the person extend to the house too: also for animals - at least for some of them - the den and the territory assume vital relevance and their loss or conservation provokes emotional consequences and typical behaviours.
An e-mail asked why a simple relocation was accompanied by too much profound and unexpected reaction.
      Tonight I started to empty furniture and began to prepare boxes and chests for removal. Do you know how I felt while doing it? Alone: it seemed to me that everything had advanced and that myself on the contrary had taken a different direction, which senses of solitude, as if those photos, those travelling companions, those schools friends were  there by accident, or rather that I was there by accident. Yet I drew from their presence a sense of non-solitude. Somehow they made me feel not alone. One cannot say that I felt in a group, taking part, present and alive with them, but just not-alone. Well, now it is as if I had wanted to distance myself from all of them in order to get the clear sensation that, on the contrary, I wanted to mask, I did not want to admit. Death also is more mine. I am going away from this home where I have lived for seven years; I carry with me all that’s mine, but I am leaving a place and it is as if I was leaving a part of myself for good; in a few weeks I shall be in a new one. But I am sad.. There will be nothing more of mine in the old one, but even the new one will be a stranger.The heaviest thing is this sense of a void, I should like to feel some human warmth, I should like to be desired, and I would
To this question, like to many other similar ones, a reply is very easy: an almost standard reply. Entering a new HOUSE, even a house that will be felt as ONE’S OWN is - physiologically - ALWAYS accompanied by a meaningful CRISIS, as all "crisis" apparently painful and surely upsetting.
For many people, to move into a new house of one's own coincides either with marriage or with some major changes, such as emigration. Usually the blame for the crisis is attributed to changes of habit and above all of personal RELATIONS. In concurrence with marriage, obviously, several factors come together: but then why do many couples NOT live cheerfully in the house, while they felt happy during their "honeymoon"? Why often they feel again pleased during subsequent travels?
The crisis of habitation ownership is felt as negative? On the contrary it is POSITIVE, it has a meaning, it has typical modes and times: it usually lasts at least for few months and can be very much like the biological crisis of the ADOLESCENT. As teens age it does bring and assure a veritable ENLARGEMENT of identity: it coincides really with the ethological, animal, occurence of expanding the “den” into surrounding areas.
The sense of SOLITUDE and the more than alive consciousness of DEATH (excuse the deliberate pun about life and death) are due to this jump into maturity, to this new profound existential crisis (crisis or rather catastrophe in the Thom's mathematical dynamic systems sense - Structural Stabiltiy and Morphogenesis). This is a crisis of a more completely acquired IDENTITY, and even a crisis of consciousness of the PRECARIOUSNESS and SEPARATENESS that identity - i.e. ontological existence in philosophical terms - implies. Solitude or separateness? Separateness? Are separateness and stress on separateness negative terms from which to run away? Why then, having reached that kind of material separation, is everyone so jealous of PRIVACY? Why is everyone so often frightened of thieves? Why is every body so interested in HOUSE KEYS as if they formed part of the self? And why does everyone be so engaged in furnishing doors with reinforcements, and windows with curtains???
How different is death itself even in conceptualisation, when it conclude a significant life and not a parasitic one, longing for a “non-solitude” using "others" as a sort of PROSTHESIS of one’s incompleteness!

MOTHERHOOD

Every factory has its staff, tools, products and customers, but the family concern has as staff, head, workers, products and customers the very people who are sexually and sentimentally LINKED to each other. 
But household's organization is also (in Italy: officially acknowledged) a particular, real itself employment and business, a factual socio-economic establishment, which, like every concern, has a productive aim: the household's products are -  or must be - the conservation of RESTand SUPPORT for the whole family, but one must also consider its forthcoming products, that is to say rear children, that is to say to forge the next generation
(Take a thorough look at the: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Science - Copyright © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.) 
MOTHERHOOD is a physical function exclusive of female physiology, but it cannot only be assessed by physical parameters (fecundity, conception, pregnancy, childbirth, breast feeding): the word motherhood covers a wide range of psychological, social, existential, working phenomena (upbringing, nourishing, weaning, cleaning, looking after, educating, teaching etc.). From the ergonomic point of view (Ergonomics comes into everything which involves people), in houseworks motherhood is so also often included in house-work, a condition which demands precisely other basic and different CRAFT performances. But furthermore this implies that the qualities and faults of future men and women will reflect the qualities and faults of the homes where they were produced, i.e. more often than not the qualities and faults of the head of the enterprise, the mother-manageress.

C.H.I.L.D.C.H.I.L.D.

MOCHO


You are now visiting the MOCHO web site. MOCHO stands short for Motherhood Choices. The web site is part of a research project on this topic. The full title of the project is The Rationale of Motherhood Choices: Influence of Employment Conditions and of Public Policies. MOCHO is one of the many projects that fall under the Key Action Improving Human Research Potential and the Socio-economic Knowledge Base of the Fifth Framework Program of the European Commission.  It is a three-year project that has started on the 1st of October 2001 and will run until the 1st of October 2004. Five countries participate in the project. Besides Belgium and the Netherlands, the coordinating countries, Italy, Greece and France are involved. Go to: Future events list
Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance
  • Gynaecology, pregnancy and birth
  • Mental health and behavioural conditions

Chombart de Lauwe, P.H. 1956 La vie quotidienne des familles ouvrières, Paris, Cnrs.
Wilmott. P.
, Young, M.1960 Family and Class in London Suburb London,
Routledge and Kegan Paul 1964 Family and Kinship in East London London

FEFAF




Women in the Home W.I.T.H.

is a founding member organization of FEFAF, the European Federation of Women in the Home
(Visit our European sister organizations.) WITH is an organization for Irish stay-at-home mothers who are interested in child development and the social and economic rights of the partner at home.
  WITH Aims Article 41.2 of Bunreacht na héireann recognizes the value of theunpaid work of women in the home.WITH therefore seeks:


        
- recognition for the unpaid work carried out in the home and community in all aspects of
          the economy 
- equality in practice, not simply in theory, with other working men and women 
- parity for single-income families under the tax code 
- the extension of benefits under the social welfare code to women and men working in the home caring for the young, elderly or handicapped 
- to hold the current government to their promise of a pension for women in the home 
- a stay-at-home parents’ benefit 
- to create an awareness of the needs of children and the importance of the mother/child relationship to the emotional and intellectual development of the child 
- to support women in their struggle against the social and economic pressures which often force them to seek outside employment 
- the restoration of tax allowances and/or credits for dependent children 
- extended career breaks to facilitate those who wish to take time off to care for children or members of the family in need of care
- maternity benefit payable with child benefit for the first three years of a child's life recognition for the skills acquired in running a home and family 
- opportunities for women in the home to reenter the labor market and to access education and training courses 
- the provision of affordable housing for young families 
If you support these aims, and would like to join us or get more information, please contact us!WITH is active on a national, European Union, and international level.WITH, c/o 11 Wyattville Park, Loughlinstown, Dún Laoire, Co Dublin, Ireland Telephone +353 1 282 6460 or +353 46 943 0314  email: womeninthehome@eircom.net


Statement of a  Pre-Congress session's presentations

XV ICAES 2K3 Humankind/Nature Interaction: past, present and future
- Florence July 5th - 12th, 2003 : 66. BREAST-FEEDING: Donatella SCHMIDT Università di Padova, Palazzo Maldura Via B.Pellegrino 1 35134 Padova Ph:049-612366 (home)> Fax:049-8274937 e- mail:dschmidt@lettere.unipd.it  Mara MABILIA Università di Padova e- mail: maramabilia@tiscalinet.it  Location: Florence 
This panel aims to look at breastfeeding as a composite and complex process resulting of the interrelationship between physical and socio-cultural factors. What appears to be just as a worldwide spread infant nutrition practice belonging to the realm of the "natural", is actually embedded in distinctive social milieux able to transform a characteristic feature of the female body into an expression of culture. Moreover, breastfeeding practices, as part of a wider system which include other reproductive matters, should be seen in relation with pregnancy, labor and delivery. The casestudies presented will follow this perspective, which is necessarily holistic, and will try to embrace both the northern and the southern hemisphere.


Second European Feminist Research Conference  1994 Graz / Austria Feminist perspective on TECHNOLOGY WORK+ ECOLOGY  July 5-9 1994 Graz University of Technology Austria. TECHNOLOGY, HALTH AND THE BODY

Any way to be a file of this site and a chapter of this book, the Author offered this Conference - whole text and Postscript - under the same title: What is EMOTIONAL LABOUR?
Costantino Battistina. Dipartimento di Scienze Sociali Università di Torino


A classic - till 1903 - and famed are Author and book:
The Home: Its Work and Influence (Classics in Gender Studies) by Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Any way historical, sociological data of the early 20° Century are to be considered, since the assertion:
 economic independence and specialization of women also to better raise children
advances a strange "conciliation" among this famed and active "feminist" and the conclusion of the also famed and often denigrated book Sex And Character: An Investigation Of Fundamental Principles by Otto Weininger: a young philosopher - young since suicide at twenty three years old - furiously hostile against women - mostly against mothers and their way to raise daughters.
 
the home:its Work and Influence
Charlotte Perkins Gilman's The Home is a scathing attack on the domesticity of women in the early 20th century. Her central argument, that the economic independence and specialization of women is essential to the improvement of marriage, motherhood, domestic industry, and racial improvement resonates in this work. Throughout, she maintains that the liberation of women -- and of children and of men, for that matter -- requires getting women out of the house, both practically and ideologically.





unpaid work

Unpaid Work in the Household: A Review of Economic Evaluation Methods
by Luisella Goldschmidt-Clermont
(Studies and Reports - International Labor Office GENEVA: 
New Ser. November 1, 1982; ISBN: 9221030857)

Published with the financial support of the United Nations Fund for Population Activities UNFPA

Women confined

Women confined Sociology of Housework
by Ann Oakley
Look a classic sociological and feministic point of view by the Founding Director Professor Ann Oakley of Social Science Research Unit
history and nature of  this unpaid occupation, from the pre-industrial period until today (quotation from the back cover of the first book).
To find Ann Oakley's other books go also to Wikipedia .



women's workHousewoek_sociology
Old fashion books covers, old fashion housework tools, past - and no more present - houseworks organization and housewomen's dresses and look...: but any way something is ever the same!

World War II and Italian women

From: The Historian  |  Date: 3/22/2005  |  Author: Pojmann, Wendy
(1) The unique case of Italy, with its often tumultuous twentieth-century history, provides an exciting focal point for studies of women's movements throughout the world. When the fascist government of Benito Mussolini fell, and a democratic government was established in June 1944, Italian women could not vote, divorce was not recognized, and abortion was illegal.

(2) Today Italian women enjoy the benefits of advanced political and social rights, but few Anglo-American readers are familiar with the women's movement in Italy.
During the Italian "resistenza" the role of women changes radically. The Italian woman is abruptly involved in politics, social and cultural issues. To this purpose the war acts as triggering agent. It is, in fact, the war to create a space for women on a public front: women get the chance to be productive, to bear public responsibilities and to be brave; they make their own way through those social roles which were once restricted to men alone. At the same time women keep their traditional positions as mothers, wives and sisters. As the war comes to a close most of the women directly involved in the liberation movement take a step back, returning to their private lives without receiving any medals or acknowledgements. A few of them, though, become aware of the singularity of their experience and choose to leave behind a recording of what they lived through. Some write as events take place, others wait decades before going over their experience. The memoirs and autobiographies which came as a result of such recordings are, today, a precious source of insight on the history and evolution of women in our century. These writings are far more than the documentation of events from an objective point of view. They portray an interesting field of investigation in terms of literary studies, as they offer a key to approach different types of writing and the different angles from which the writer portrays herself within the story she is narrating. Moreover they offer a chance to reflect on the diversities in selfawareness and the thought pattern the writer conveys on the art of writing in itself.

Abstract  This article examines the figure of the housewife and domestic work in post-World War II Italy. Fascism promoted two images of the housewife: the middle-class, urban homemaker inspired by American conceptions of home economics, and the rural farmwife destined to prevail during the thirties. These two images offer both continuity and disjuncture with the image of the housewife in the post-1945 period. The social and economic context in postwar Italy favored the diffusion of the image of the full-time homemaker, an effect of the family policies promoted by the two principal political parties. Instruction manuals on home economics appeared in great numbers during the 1950s and 1960s. Examining these manuals prompts the following questions: How was the role of the woman in the home defined? What was her relationship with the world beyond the family? How was she supposed to perform her work? Domestic work expands in these decades to a few ultimate practices, becoming a totalizing mission and a value in itself, but resulting in the exclusion of women from any large-scale participation and activity in the life of the nation. On 12 April 1945, just days before the Liberation, Ada Gobetti, a prominent figure in Turin's anti-Fascist Resistance, wrote in her Diario partigiano (Partisan Diary) that the most difficult problem will be that of the housewife--refractory to every political preparation and the most difficult to reach--it will be one of the most difficult to resolve if one wants to create a new society.  Was it possible among the ruins of the war to propose a different relationship among women, the family, work, and society... ?


World War II and Italian women

From: The Historian | Date: 3/22/2005 | Author: Pojmann, Wendy
(1) The unique case of Italy, with its often tumultuous twentieth-century history, provides an exciting focal point for studies of women's movements throughout the world. When the fascist government of Benito Mussolini fell, and a democratic government was established in June 1944, Italian women could not vote, divorce was not recognized, and abortion was illegal.

(2) Today Italian women enjoy the benefits of advanced political and social rights, but few Anglo-American readers are familiar with the women's movement in Italy.
During the Italian "resistenza" the role of women changes radically. The Italian woman is abruptly involved in politics, social and cultural issues. To this purpose the war acts as triggering agent. It is, in fact, the war to create a space for women on a public front: women get the chance to be productive, to bear public responsibilities and to be brave; they make their own way through those social roles which were once restricted to men alone. At the same time women keep their traditional positions as mothers, wives and sisters. As the war comes to a close most of the women directly involved in the liberation movement take a step back, returning to their private lives without receiving any medals or acknowledgements. A few of them, though, become aware of the singularity of their experience and choose to leave behind a recording of what they lived through. Some write as events take place, others wait decades before going over their experience. The memoirs and autobiographies which came as a result of such recordings are, today, a precious source of insight on the history and evolution of women in our century. These writings are far more than the documentation of events from an objective point of view. They portray an interesting field of investigation in terms of literary studies, as they offer a key to approach different types of writing and the different angles from which the writer portrays herself within the story she is narrating. Moreover they offer a chance to reflect on the diversities in selfawareness and the thought pattern the writer conveys on the art of writing in itself.

Abstract  This article examines the figure of the housewife and domestic work in post-World War II Italy. Fascism promoted two images of the housewife: the middle-class, urban homemaker inspired by American conceptions of home economics, and the rural farmwife destined to prevail during the thirties. These two images offer both continuity and disjuncture with the image of the housewife in the post-1945 period. The social and economic context in postwar Italy favored the diffusion of the image of the full-time homemaker, an effect of the family policies promoted by the two principal political parties. Instruction manuals on home economics appeared in great numbers during the 1950s and 1960s. Examining these manuals prompts the following questions: How was the role of the woman in the home defined? What was her relationship with the world beyond the family? How was she supposed to perform her work? Domestic work expands in these decades to a few ultimate practices, becoming a totalizing mission and a value in itself, but resulting in the exclusion of women from any large-scale participation and activity in the life of the nation. On 12 April 1945, just days before the Liberation, Ada Gobetti, a prominent figure in Turin's anti-Fascist Resistance, wrote in her Diario partigiano (Partisan Diary) that the most difficult problem will be that of the housewife--refractory to every political preparation and the most difficult to reach--it will be one of the most difficult to resolve if one wants to create a new society.  Was it possible among the ruins of the war to propose a different relationship among women, the family, work, and society... ?

Fatherhood and home-men.

It is most likely that a typical family doesn't exist: neither as majority nor on average; but at every times and in every places there were and are many inconsistent varieties of family types.
It is therefore very wrong to make stereotyped appraisals that "old style families" are ideal and perfect, with their typical "good, real" fathers and mothers, during the "good old times"; or on the contrary it is as much incorrect to state that the "new" is always a progressive improvement.
Every preconceived idea validates or confirms itself in self ingrained circles either good or more often vicious. In both cases these definitions - these hintings at a global improvement, as well these warnings of the threat of damages - must refer only homogeneous, self-restricting groups, described in a similar banalizing and undemonstrative way.
Then how has to be considered at present times the: traditional separation of church (home) and state (paid work)?
In fact the "protagonist" of  "church-home" could be a MAN, who - perhaps alike, perhaps with a different style - can perform the same tasks as house-wives since compelled to manage the same difficulties and answer to the same demands.


ASUC
Logo of the Italian Association of Uomini Casalinghi symbolized by a Sea Horse / Hippocampus which males brood eggs and nurture their "children"

home man

Modified, enlarged Logo of the Italian Association of Men taking care of home chores.

A book regading "home-men" for not-Italian readers:
Father Courage: What Happens When Men Put Family First
by Suzanne Braun Levine
Editorial Reviews Amazon.com Suzanne Braun Levine, a founding editor of Ms. magazine, gives voice to a largely unsung revolution -- uplifting the nurturing role of men -- in her wisely written first book, Father Courage. Observing, for instance, the trend of more and more fathers walking their children to school with a "profusion of pink and yellow and red cartoon-character backpacks slung over their shoulders," Levine notes that fatherhood is changing. And so begins her quest to investigate the often-contradictory challenges and motivations that grip and sometimes baffle today's fathers.
Using batteries of interviews with fathers from various walks of life, Levine shows how men -- in the struggle to succeed at work and in parenthood -- are reinventing what it means to be a father. Readers meet fathers who explore new ways of child rearing, split time with their wives to cover household chores, and cope with sacrifice when it comes to careers. Father Courage is both about and for these fathers, "who are discovering the pleasures of a dynamic relationship with their families" and who are "beginning to suspect that there are more men like themselves, although most are too busy putting one foot in front of the other to speak up."
Drawing from social science, anthropology, media, psychology, and many other sources, Father Courage wades into the currents of modern society, not only to recast our understanding of fatherhood, but to remind us that changes in fatherhood also alter motherhood and the very fabric of family life. This connection, deeply feminist at its core, explains why a woman would be invested in championing the rights of fathers. Levine even offers fathers a rallying cry: Pick up your power, she says. Use it to turn around the very institutions that are bestowing it on you. Why? Because as Gloria Steinem once put it, You will never have a true democracy without democratic families to nurture it. -- (Byron Ricks)
From Publishers Weekly : Can men have it all? Raised to be breadwinners and also nurturing parents, many contemporary fathers "disappoint those they mean to impress more than either would like." Levine has talked to fathers who are challenging "the traditional separation of church (home) and state (paid work)" about the rewards and frustrations of trying to co-parent. Frequently letting the men speak for themselves, she draws a convincing picture of an underground movement just waiting for the right moment to coalesce and set about the unfinished business of the women's movement: "It is all of a piece, the entry of women into the workplace and the integration of men into the family." Many fathers in this transition generation feel they face their difficulties alone and are surprised to find how many others are like them. From the birth experience at the hospital through the early months of parenthood and beyond, men often receive conflicting messages from society that encourage them to be supportive but not to get too closely involved in the dailiness of raising children. Women, too, are often unwilling to "relinquish the mystical powers attributed to motherhood" that is for many the only power they have. Levine also contends that a double standard in the workplace favors women who need to take time to be with their families but discourages men from putting family first. Writing at the equity frontier of family politics, Levine provides a useful sourcebook for would-be revolutionaries and makes an eloquent plea for more public conversation about private pressures.
 Agent, Michael Carlisle; 10-city tour. (Apr.) Copyright 2000 Reed Business Information, Inc.

So how can get and previously got "men" with children? Tyrants or companions? authoritarian or... toys? Only on the modern times or even on the first 1900 years?
Today's fathers versus those old time models? Old style strictness (???) against present easy-going education (???)? Or the other way round...?
Look at this picture from the Italian translation of a page of My Magazine. Being the Continuation of the Children's Encyclopedia 1919 , Enciclopedia dei Ragazzi edition of 1924 - page 4142 - also printed on previous years.
Riding the father? Isn't "my dad" the best toy, dog, cat, horse?
 To play with dad? IT IS THE FOREMOST!



Today's fathers versus those old time models? Old style strictness (???) against present easy-going education (???)? Or the other way round...? None of these common-place assertions can sustain any confrontation with the variable reality: very demonstrative in this dirction is the picture with its childish poetry found only in the Italian translation of My Magazine. Being the Continuation of the Children's Encyclopedia; to overhaul this lack we quote thereunder another poetry by Author Unknown:
Anyone can be a father, but it takes someone special to be a DADDY!
What Makes A Dad
God took the strength of a mountain, The majesty of a tree,
The warmth of a summer sun, The calm of a quiet sea,
The generous soul of nature, The comforting arm of night,
The wisdom of the ages, The power of the eagle's flight,
The joy of a morning in spring, The faith of a mustard seed,
The patience of eternity, The depth of a family need,
Then God combined these qualities, When there was nothing more to add,
He knew His masterpiece was complete,
And so, He called it ... Dad

The Lancet - Vol. 366, Issue 9493, 8 October 2005, Pages 1324-1329
Child protection is an important social issue in Chile. In response to the results of a study that showed that, in 2000, 74% of children living in Chile were maltreated in their homes, the Metropolitan South Health Service called on the primary-care units in the municipalities of South Santiago under its control to develop a comprehensive programme of interventions, the objective of which was to strengthen family relationships and to lend support to families and children vulnerable to abuse.
... In response to the call for action, the health and education units of San Joaquín began work on a programme called Skills for Life
.

Look then this excerpt of the outstanding and imposing document funded by the Chile Ministry of Health through the Metropolitan South Health Service: one of the images of the article depicting  the Public-health campaign to raise awareness of children's wellbeing with images drawn by children. (Look for copyright pictures in the original article)

The good things about my dad: he helps me, he defends me, he cuddles me, he cares for me a lot, and, finally, he plays with me. The bad things about my dad: he shouts at me, he fights with my mum, when  he  doesn't  speak to me (expressed as the law of ice), and he is hysterical and selfish.

"Mother" is the best, the "symbiotic" unique partner? What a mystification!

The Lancet - Vol. 366, Issue 9493, 8 October 2005, Pages 1324-1329
For the child, the mother is the pillar of the family, therefore it is important if the mother mistreats them. But the child returns the maltreatment with acts of love (kind words and drawings of hearts). The child needs to feel loved by the parents.
scandalo alla National Gallery
Scandal on National Gallery of London! Really happened! During a visit to the gallery last year, a breast-feeding mother was ordered by an attendant to stop.
- Do you find breastfeeding offensive?
- If you do, tough. New laws will make breastfeeding in public every mother's right.
 Marie Woolf reports Published: 18 December 2005
The National Gallery has nearly 50 paintings and portraits featuring bare breasts on its walls, including a Tintoretto entitled The origin of milky way




If  one can enjoy good examples, it is difficult likewise not to be influenced by the bad ones. Actually and unfortunately it is difficult to take oneself away - and often even : "to rescue oneself" - from the couple's, family's, or social lifes' style (especially home-life's) and work 's pathways in general (homework in particular) when received as "imprinting" in one's own home-factory. 
To make matters worse both grown-up partners - the more as PARENTS - bring to their new home-hold their prejudices, inhibitions, puerile and partial solutions, and all existential compromises and neuroses acquired in their parental home.

Veronica Alvarez, Nurse, Head of the Child Health Programme, Sor Teresa de los Andes Family Health Centre, San Joaquín, Chile: In 2005,
San Joaquín has been rotating the campaign posters in the family health-care centres and schools, and will continue to work with families and community organisations, though a series of interventions, to build a healthier paradigm for family and interpersonal relationships.
Look then this other excerpt of the document shared above. (For genuine children's pictures go to the link on the original article).
Hello, mum. What I don't like about you: you yell at me, you scold me, when you want to tell me something you shout, you hit me. What I like about you: sometimes you cuddle me, at times we play, we go out, we go to the plaza. (Mum I love you because you give me what I want, I don't like it when you and dad fight. Bye, mum.)
Why can't my mother accept me for what I am?

Besides and worse: are "mothers" as for simply to be "mothers" the main leading character  in the  "family scene"?
And furthermore: how noteworthy should be not only every cub by itself, but also every factor in every moment!
bimbi e colombi









Pigeons and children: wealthy children and - on the background - "poor" ones.
Venice July 20 1912



Turin: play-ground 1960 years

campo giochi

How gets the individual temperament during the progression of ages?
And what place for brothers and sisters?
Look at the composed little boy photografied with his mother and sister on 1862, and on Spring 1934 as dignified great-grand-father showing the same composed countenance as himself when little boy; look rather in this same picture the joking demeanour of both grand-daughter and grand-father.
i piccoli Marco e Carolina
the same little rascal smile....























Children "working" conscientiously


Istria 1934: engagement and concentration.
 

piccolo contadino/ little country man
a little - city dweller - willing to become a real country man (Piedmont
1965)
inizio dello sport